A study of anatomy and physiology of movement of upper limb

The procedure in lifting the hand to drink water is a complex one which involves a huge amount of technology inter-transfer between the brain and the eventual skeletal muscle.There is initiation of the movement at the brain which is transmitted via specialized white fibre tracts to the hip flexors via the intermediate spinal cord, involving a very complex mechanism at the cellular levelThe initiation of the   process is at the motor cortex (Ms I) of the brain. The primary motor area is located at the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. The area controlling the motion of the lower limbs lies towards the superior surface of the brain. Within this area lies the cell body of the primary neuron. These neurons are known as upper motor neurons (UMN).These UMNs receive modulating impulse from the inputs from the cerebellum and the basal ganglia via the extrapyramidal pathways. These tracts modulate the gross movement initiated at the frontal cortex. In turn these areas are modulated by a fferent signals from ascending spino cerebellar, and spino-thalamic pathways.   The signal initiated at the nucleus of the cell body is transmitted electronically via the axon of the myelinated neuron via the mode of salutatory conduction.The myelin sheath which surrounds the axon of nerves that involve fast transport, breaks at intermediate regions known as Nodes of Ranvier. The electrical impulse moves in   a jumping manner at these nodes nerve transmission as a neural impulse, generated by the formation of a nerve action potential. Like all excitable tissue, nerves maintain a resting membrane potential that is the difference of voltage across the membrane of the neuron. In neurons this value is   – 70 mV.This voltage difference is maintained by the Na/K pump on the membranes. This impulse generated at the axon hillock is transmitted via the depolarizing phase which allows sodium ions ingress into cells via opening of the Na channels. This entry of Na in one portion a llows activation of other Na channels, causing depolarization of the adjacent region of the neuron. Subsequently repolarization occurs via the opening of K channels, which restores the membrane potential.Thus this process continues which allows the transmission of impulse. Many such nerves together descend as the descending cortico spinal tract in the pyramidal system, which travels through the midbrain into the spinal cord, decussating at the level of midbrain( 90% of the fibres decussating and forming the lateral spinothalamic tract) and again at the level of spinal cord ( the other 10%, forming the anterior spinothalamic tract) .It is the former which is responsible for the upper limb movements. The cortico-spinal tract travels in the anterior horn cell of the spinal cord till the brachial plexus where they synapse with the spinal ventral root neuron (lower motor neuron). A single post-synaptic neuron receives signals from many neurons. At the axon terminal, the propagation of im pulses leads to release of neurotransmitters, which are stored in specialized vesicles.The released Ach diffuses into the synaptic cleft and binds with receptors on the post synaptic membrane to produce excitatory post synaptic potentials. This leads to generation and propagation of impulse in nerves which are destined to innervate the neuro-muscular junction. At the neuro-muscular junction, Ach is released, which diffuses into the synovial cleft and binds to receptors in the motor end plate, and triggers a muscle action potential.The released Ach is destroyed by the acetylcholinestrase. At the level of the sarcolemma of the muscles, the muscle AP travels along T-tubules, opening Ca release channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca binds to troponin-tropomysin complex, which releases the myosin heads, these then bind to the actin thin filaments, and draws them closer to the M line. Meanwhile bringing the Z disc closer.This leads to muscle fibre contraction. This is a self propagati ng sequence eventually leading to the contraction muscles involved in the movement. Each nerve fibre innervates many musle fibres ( about 150). This is the motor unit.The greater the number of motor units recruited by the nerve action potential, the greater the force of contraction of the muscles. In the spinal cord, nerve impulse travels along the brachial plexus (C5 – T1) to innervate the Pectoralis major (Arm adduction and flexion – reaching out to hold the glass), Flexor digitorum superficialis and profundii of all fingers, the interossei and the lumbricals of all digits, opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis , adducor pollicis and abductor pollicis brevis ( gripping of the glass by the fingers flexion at metacarpophalangeal.Proximal interphalangeal and the distal interphalangeal joint of the fingers; the carpometqcarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal and the interphalangeal joint of the thumb); then contraction of the biceps brachii ( elbow flexion) and the supina tor ( supination at the elbow joint); finally the contraction of the triceps muscle ( elbow extension, to put the glass back).This excitatory impulse is also associated with the production of inhibitory action potential ( hyperpolarizing impulse) in the antagonists (eg triceps during elbow flexion, and biceps during elbow extension)   

Genre: Drama Essay

Dramas are serious, plot-driven presentations, portraying realistic characters, settings, life situations, and stories involving intense character development and interaction. Usually, they are not focused on special-effects, comedy, or action, Dramatic films are probably the largest film genre, with many subsets. See also melodramas, epics (historical dramas), or romantic genres. Dramaticbiographical films (or â€Å"biopics†) are a major sub-genre, as are ‘adult’ films (with mature subject content). Drama film is a genre that relies on the emotional and relational development of realistic characters. While Drama film relies heavily on this kind of development, dramatic themes play a large role in the plot as well. Often, these dramatic themes are taken from intense, real life issues. Whether heroes or heroines are facing a conflict from the outside or a conflict within themselves, Drama film aims to tell an honest story of human struggles. Drama Film Examples: The Shawshank Redemption – A former banker convicted of murdering his wife develops a lifelong friendship with a fellow prisoner, and ultimately tries to defy the odds by keeping hope alive inside prison walls. The Godfather – The aging patriarch of an organized crime circle must secure the future of his family’s empire by leaving it in the hands of his reluctant son. Casablanca – A jaded nightclub owner must choose whether or not to help his ex-lover and her husband flee Nazi-occupied Morocco. ________________________________________ DRAMA Sub-genres Biography A Biography drama incorporates dramatic elements into a biographical film. These films differ from Historical and â€Å"based in truth† films because they specifically chronicle the life of a person or a group of people. Biography films attempt to show a comprehensive and accurate picture of the specific subject, thus they tend to be serious and intense. Examples: Ray, Monster, Blow ________________________________________ Courtroom Courtroom drama film uses the justice system as a main component of the plot. The story usually unfolds inside a courtroom with the prosecutor, judge, jury, and the defense. Tension plays a large part in courtroom dramas as the verdict can often mean life or death. Examples: A Few Good Men, To Kill a Mockingbird, 12 Angry Men ________________________________________ Dramedy Dramedy film is a genre that has a dramatic tone yet important elements of comedy. In Dramedy film, the amount of drama and comedy are almost equally balanced. This balance provides comedic relief for the audience, while still addressing serious issues. Examples: Little Miss Sunshine, The Royal Tenenbaums, Lost in Translation ________________________________________ Historical Historical is a sub-genre of Drama film that examines a specific time in history or group of people. Many Historical films aim to portray true events and people. However, most Historical films are only loosely based on these events and people. These films tend to focus on the more glorified societies and people in history such as the Romans, specific Kings and Queens, or important political figures. Examples: 300, Frost/Nixon, Hotel Rwanda ________________________________________ Melodrama Melodrama film is a sub-genre that appeals to the heightened emotions of the audience. The plot and characters often are more unrealistic than those found in the traditional drama film. Melodramas usually cater towards a female audience and tell a story that centers on a great crisis and a heroic protagonist. Examples: The Bridges of Madison County, Steel Magnolias, Sophie’s Choice ________________________________________ Period Piece Period Piece is a sub-genre of Drama film that focuses on a specific time era. The era in which the film is set adds not only to the plot, but to the characters and costumes as well. A Period Piece films are often based on a novel. These films tend to have a longer run time than traditional Dramas. Examples: Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Romeo and Juliet ________________________________________ Political Political drama film contains themes, characters, and a plot specifically about politics and the political scene. The main protagonist is often at odds with the harsh reality of corruption in politics. Many Political Dramas are based in fact but focus on exploring conspiracy theories. Examples: Mr. Smith Goes to Washington, Wag The Dog, The Manchurian Candidate ________________________________________ Romance Romantic Drama film is a genre that explores the complex side of love. The plot usually centers on an obstacle that is preventing love between two people. The obstacles in Romantic Drama film can range from a family’s disapproval, to forbidden love, to one’s own psychological restraints. Many Romantic Dramas end with the lovers separating because of the enormity of the obstacle, the realization of incompatibility, or simply†¦ fate. Examples: Romantic Drama film include Titanic, Breakfast at Tiffany’s, Dr. Zhivago ________________________________________ Tragedy Tragedy Drama is a genre wherein the downfall of the character is caused by a flaw within the character. While Tragedy Dramas sometime put the character in extraordinary circumstances, this genre is really about the self-destructive behavior of the character. The flaws of the character come to a head and ultimately result in death or other form of degradation. Examples: American Beauty, Death of a Salesman, The Great Gatsby

Linkage Between Capital Market Development and Economic Growth Essay

The capital market is an integral part of the financial system that provides efficient delivery mechanism for mobilization and allocation, management and distribution of long-term fund (Sunday O. E. Ewah and Judey Bassey). The capital market is a market for long-term debt and equity securities, where business enterprise and government can raise fund for long-term investments. It is normally divided into two broad categories: the stock market and the bond market (Central Bank of Lesotho Economic Review 2009). According to Tokunbo S.Osinubi (2000), the stock market is reported to perform some functions which promote the growth and development of an economy. It plays a pivotal role in mobilizing idle fund from surplus economic unit and channels such fund into deficit unit for investment in long-term project. The supplier of funds are basically individuals and corporate bodies who subscribe to capital market instrument as a way of adding value to their unused financial resources while the deficit unit i. e. the end users of the fund are government and corporate bodies as individual cannot approach the capital market for fund. Equally, the capital market provides ideal source for corporate bodies and government to pool monies from people and corporate bodies to finance capital intensive project which its internal purse cannot cope with. Akingboungbe (1996) opined that the importance of the capital lies in its financial intermediation capacity to link the laggard sector of the economy with the active sector. According to him, the absence of such capacity robs the economy of investment and production of goods and services for societal advancement. Capital market in any nation exists to provide long-term funds for government and corporate bodies for development purpose. It deals with long-term financial instruments which include equities or stocks, debentures, government bonds and derivatives like future options. In the capital market, the stock in trade is money which is often viewed as the lubricant of the economy and which can be raised through various instruments such as right issues, debt instrument, equity offering as well as through the stock exchange. This is a pointer to the fact that the capital market provides the wherewithal with which the goal of economic growth can be actualized, and equally held the key to economic prosperity of any nation. A virile capital market is capable of assisting a nation to muster financial resources and skills for rapid growth and development. The capital market is viewed as engine of growth in most countries. Empirical research by CBL Economic Review 2009 indicated that the capital market connects monetary sectors with the real sector and therefore facilitates growth in the real sector and economic development. The CBL economic review adduced the following as the fundamental channels through which capital market is connected to economic growth: First, capital markets increase the proportion of long-term savings (pension, funeral savings) that is channeled to long-term investment. Capital market enables contractual savings industry to mobilize long-term savings from small individual households and channel them into long-term investment. It fulfils the transfer of current purchasing power, in monetary forms from surplus sector to deficit sectors, in exchange for reimbursing a great purchasing power in future. In this way, the capital market enables corporations to raise funds to finance their investments in real estate. The implication will be an increase in aggregate consumption and hence growth and development. Second, capital market also provides equity capital and infrastructure development capital that has strong socio-economic benefit through development of roads, housing, energy, telecommunication, etc. These projects are ideal for financing through capital market via long-term bonds and asset backed securities. Moreover, capital market promotes public-private partnership to encourage private sector participation in productive investment. The need to shift economic growth from public to private sector has become inevitable as resources continue to diminish . It assists the public sector to close the resource gap, and complement its effort in financing socio-economic development through raising long-term project based capital. It also attracts foreign portfolio investors who are critical in supplementing the domestic savings levels. It facilitates inflow of foreign exchange into the domestic economy. Furthermore, the CBL Economic review 2009 equally asserted that countries with developed capital market have higher economic growth than countries without. An instance cited to justify this position is South Africa, the country with the largest and most developed capital market in Africa in terms of market capitalization which is experiencing faster growth compared to other countries with less-developed capital market. In Nigeria, the capital market seems not to have contributed so robustly to economic growth as the empirical research of the CBL Economic review and the predict of endogenous growth model which envisage positive correlation between the development of the capital market and economic growth both suggested. The capital market in Nigeria started rolling in 1960 when the Nigeria Stock Exchange was opened. It metamorphosed from the Lagos Stock Exchange which had been created in 1959 based on the recommendation of the Barback Committee set up by the then federal government. However, the Nigeria capital market has enjoyed a decade of unprecedented growth in the past five years. Going by the annual report of the Nigeria Stock Exchange (NSE) the total market capitalization has increased by over 90%though, this feat was short lived by the decline of 45. 8% in market capitalization recorded in 2008. According to the NSE, the impressive performance of the capital market can be attributed to some reasons: First, the bank consolidation exercise which introduced a minimum capital requirement for banks stimulated the performance of the capital market as it has encouraged most banks to choose the stock market. Equally, the privatization policy has also significantly impacted on the performance of the capital market. Even though with this scenario, the Nigeria capital market is yet to keep pace with the trend across the globe. According to Sule Ndanusa the Director General of the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Nigeria capital market is still a small market by international standard as its equity listing and market capitalization stood at 196 and $7billion respectively. This size of the Nigeria capital market is affected by the continuous depreciation of the naira. While the global trend dictates that the market capitalization of the capital market should be nearer the GDP or be above it, the market capitalization of the Nigeria capital market hovered around 60% and 39% respectively for 2007 and 2008 (NSE Annual report2009) respectively compared to that of South Africa which stood at 239%. Thus, a lot still need to be done to make the Nigeria capital market the engine of growth for the Nigeria economy. Given the scenario in the Nigeria capital market, the point of departure of this study is to examine the linkage between capital market development and economic growth with a view to explore the channels through which the capital market in Nigeria can be made engine of growth while addressing problem inherent in its operation. In the word of Adebiyi (2005), capital market in developing countries often suffer from classical defect such as illiquidity, lack of equity capital, bank dominated economies and lack of investor’s confidence in the capital market. The situation in the Nigeria capital market is not different as the predominant problem revolves around low market capitalization as well as illiquidity as most research works have revealed (e. g. Emenuga 2004, Judey Bassey and Sunday E. Ewah). This is coupled with the more serious obstacle of non-strengthening of the channels of transmission from financial development to economic growth such as financial depth(ratio of financial asset to national income), advanced financial structure(moving from bank and non-bank ntermediaries to stock market ), size as well as the efficiency of the financial system . The description of the Nigeria capital market as a small market by international standard as well the dominant roles which banks still play in the financial system at the expense of other financial intermediaries lends credence to this viewpoint. Several recent overviews of the link between financial market development and economic growth affirm positive correlation between financial market development and economic growth. But, in Nigeria evidences to this effect are weak, inconclusive and non-definitive. For instance, Sunday O. E. Ewah and Jude Bassey (2004) concluded that capital market has growth inducing potential but it has not contributed to economic growth owing to such problems such as low market capitalization and illiquidity. In similar vein, efforts were equally made by Nyong (1997) to develop an aggregate index of capital market development and use it to determine its relationship with long-term growth in Nigeria. The study employed a time series data between 1970 and 1974. The result of the study reveals that capital market is negatively and significantly correlated with long-run growth in Nigeria. The result also showed that there exist bi-directional causality between capital market development and economic growth. However, Levine and Zervos (1996) established positive relationship between the measure of stock market development and long-run growth rates. Ariyo and Adelegan (2005) contended that the liberalization of capital market contributes to the growth of the Nigeria capital market but its impact at the macro-economy is negligible. That is, the question of the channels through which capital market development correlate with economic growth has not been given detailed attention in empirics literature in Nigeria as most available empirical analysis in this direction are cross-country study and more so, are conducted for Asian and European economy. Such works include Jose De Gregorio et al (2003) Dipendra Sinha et al Saray Joy et al (2002) . A more potent proof of the scanty of evidence on the channel of transmission from financial development and economic growth can be found in the word of Valpy FitzGerald (2006) who stated that financial development and economic growth are clearly related and this relationship has occupied the mind of economists from Smith to Schumpeter, although the channels and direction of this relationship has remained unresolved in both theory and empirics literature. Thus, the absence of empirical analysis in this direction has left a serious gap that needed to be filled with a research enquiry. Following the foregoing from the few empirical evidences sighted above which reveal inadequacy and lack of agreement among analysts about the sine-qua-non role of capital market in economic growth coupled with scanty of literature on channels of transmission from financial development to growth and the pervasive problem of decline in market capitalization and illiquidity which characterize the Nigeria capital market as reflected in Nigeria Stock Exchange Annual report(2009), it becomes important to turn the searchlight on the capital market and every other thing that accompany or propel it with a view to empirically examine how linkage between capital market development and economic growth as well as the channels of transmission from capital market development to growth can be pursued to bring the dream of economic growth to fruition.

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 3

Research Paper Example Over population results in serious environmental degradation as the limited natural resources like water, soil, air and forest get depleted at a faster rate. As humans begin to overpopulate the earth, the planet may not be able to support their needs. In this paper, the impact of population growth on water resources will be analyzed. One of the primary natural resource that has been impacted with the demands of the growing population is water – a resource that is required for agriculture, industry and domestic use. Human beings need water for agriculture, industry and for domestic purposes like cooking, washing, sanitation and cleaning. As population increases, the demands for the limited water resources from each of these areas compete with each other. Although 70% of the earth is covered by ocean water, human beings rely on the limited fresh water supply for their needs, which accounts for only 2.5 % of the total water supply (Pluijm). According to the World Water Council, the total population of the world tripled in the 20th century, while the use of renewable water resources multiplied six times. This is primarily because of the irrigation requirements and demands of agriculture. Scientists have also confirmed that nearly half of the world’s population does not have enough water to drink and the demand for it is doubling every 21 years (â€Å"Cost of water†). According to the International Water Management Institute, the world’s leading body on fresh water management, the issue of water scarcity is increasing faster than expected (â€Å"Cost of water†). In China, the wells and rivers in the eastern part of the country have dried up and the authorities are trucking in water to the millions of people living in this region (â€Å"Cost of water†). In the following pages, the various issues concerning population growth and the resulting effect on the limited

Human Resource Development-- Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resource Development-- - Assignment Example As Coates (2010) explains, acquiring new knowledge, attitudes and skill sets in one environment and applying them in another may be affected by several factors. Effective and the experience of the trainer is a very essential factor in influencing the training transfer to job places. Any trainer must be a fluent and effective communicator (Coates, 2010). This facilitates the conversations and ensures the learners’ needs are met, a clear and effective presentation of the material that makes the information interesting. Another factor is the in-class and out-class practice. More of this practice ensures the learner gains enough experience of handling cases, and it is easier to transfer the training to workplaces in case a similar case appears as to that tackled during the practices (Coates, 2010). An organization should also mount some quality pressure on the trained employees to work as of their acquired knowledge and towards the set goal of the organization. This will ensure th at the employees apply their learnt skills at their workplaces effectively. Needs assessment are usually conducted so as to facilitate the growth of employees of a company in terms of the knowledge and skills they possess. This helps the organization to know the type of employees in the organization, how to train them and what they need to be motivated. According to Barbazette (2004), a needs assessment is conducted to link a deficiency in performance to a desired result and ensure that appropriate training is formulated and conducted to combat the problems caused by the deficiency. To do this, an organization needs to analyze their needs and wants by conducting a performance analysis to identify which skill shortcomings can be bridged through training. To conduct a training needs assessment, an organization will have to first gather information for aiding in appropriate

Sexuality Education for people who living with a disability Assignment

Sexuality Education for people who living with a disability - Assignment Example This type of treatment makes it important for us to play our role in spreading such sexuality education that promotes respect for these individuals as well as mental and spiritual support for them. â€Å"Having an adult identity† and â€Å"autonomy† (Herbert, 2011, p.133) are two major rights that these individuals must be granted. In my practice, I would specially encourage the disabled individuals to enhance their expression of self-identity through not being embarrassed of their sexual orientation or sexual desires. The motivation to express self-identity and self-acceptance is the major thing that is required to give these individuals confidence. For example, I would advocate couples to compromise with the disability of a spouse and accept each other’s sexual orientation and sexual fantasies by overlooking the physical disability. Second, I would like to give awareness to females that they are the more precious gender of the two, and physical disability should not make them feel deprived of their sexual desires and related

The Greenpower Car Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Greenpower Car - Assignment Example Introduction The components that will be analyzed here will heretofore include: 1) the brake disc which is made out of metal; and 2) the tyre which is made out of rubber. The Metal The metal on the brake disc is key as a component. The metal that is usually used on cars is metal that is made out of various kinds of metals that are mixed together—often known as combined metals. Brake discs made out of these metals are made with various different types of metal mixed together because the recombinant metals are stronger when mixed with each other. So, instead of just using pure silver—which is very soft, by itself and in its most purest form—a little bit of silver may be mixed with large amounts of other types of metals, including copper, bronze, and iron, in varying amounts. It really depends upon what the exact type of object is that is being formed, but, without a doubt—for brake discs, mixed or recombinant metals are definitely a major factor in deciding how to put a product together. Without a doubt, the metal that is used in brake discs goes a long way in terms of determining what type of metal will be therefore utilized for the ultimate design of the car. The Rubber Tyres are obviously going to be a big component of the car. And of course, the main focus about the tyre is going to be on the rubber in the tyres. Usually, rubber is used for various parts of the car that require a malleable material to produce a product. Rubber is actually a form of plastic—and it can be highly useful in terms of designing a car. For tyres, rubber can be extremely helpful in determining how a car part will be produced. Rubber is an at-times harder form of plastic which is useful in the production of several various auto parts—including, of course, the tyres. Of course, it would definitely depend upon the car part being produced, but generally speaking, for tyres, rubber is perfect for being integrated in the actual car part itself. Rub ber has many uses where car manufacturers simply do not want or need to have very expensive parts utilized—and this is especially true of tyres, which can turn out to be very expensive. Further, it is better to place rubber products in a car where metals are not necessary. It’s very difficult to ascertain, but usually where plastic or rubber will suffice, it is used at every turn. For certain, it is probably most important that either plastic or rubber can be used for several various purposes, and that is why it is so helpful as a substance. Conclusion Whether it is metal or rubber that is used for brake disc(s) and tyre(s), both of these substances have most certainly had a profound effect on the way cars have been produced. Metals—usually combined metals—are utilized in order to make several different parts of the car. Of course, metal is not to be outrivaled by rubber—and also, alternatively, plastic—when it comes to having to use it in o rder to put extra parts on a car. Metal and rubber are both invaluable parts of any car for brake discs and tyres respectively, and it is hoped that these elements will be more utilized in the future in order to compete in a global economy. Metal and rubber are two very necessary substances in order to produce cars. Therefore, the production of metal and rubber must continue to be encouraged in foreign countries where such substances are supposedly produced more cheaply. No

Transition to Postsecondary Education for Students with Disabilities Case Study

Transition to Postsecondary Education for Students with Disabilities - Case Study Example This paper discusses a case study concerning the transition assessment of a post-secondary student who aspired to enrol in college and sought expert help in facilitating this transition from his public school. Besides preparing students for post-secondary education, the purpose of this transition assessment was to understand the expectations of the student and communicate the appropriate level of preparation and coursework required for them to take up college-level studies. The student’s family members had not attended college, and as such there were no viable avenues for the student at home for consultation. Thus, the primary purpose of the transition assessment was to present college-level studies as a viable and affordable option beyond post-secondary studies. The assessment was also a medium to expand the range of educational streams and options available to the student and meant to showcase options beyond those offered by a traditional high-school curriculum (Levinson 52). Opportunities to secure funding in the form of scholarships and student loans were also explored during this assessment by evaluating the current financial status of the student and his family. The assessment also sought to motivate the student towards pursuing further studies especially since the limitations of the current high-school curriculum became apparent during the evaluation. The assessment determined that the student was interested in pursuing computer engineering at college and recommended him to pursue technical courses in programming, hardware design and advanced mathematics in order to ensure a smooth transition (Repetto 43). By undertaking such courses, the student would not only strengthen the prospects of his college application but would be in a better position to take up subsequent coursework (Bryant 82). Several student loans available to students through the federal government and private banks were discussed and a list of suitable loan providers was given to the student based on an evaluation of his total funding requirements and repayment preferences.  

Cognitive and Physical Development of the Male Adolescent Essay

Cognitive and Physical Development of the Male Adolescent - Essay Example This is of course from a scientific perspective and from researchers who have studied the phases of adolescence in young people. The main difference that has been documented with girls and boys is the fact that physically they both develop at a similar pace but cognitively males seem to be slower in developing certain emotionally skills and rationalization skills in comparison to females. While the physical changes of puberty are important indicators which signal adolescent development to researchers, it is the cognitive aspects of adolescence that is the most detrimental to developing into a normal adult human being. There are many other changes that take place during this time that are varied from just physical and some of these are related to areas that are fundamental to life. Some of these are cognitive, self-concept, social / moral reasoning, and the ability to think abstractly. Although this developmental period of life needn't be an uncommonly stressful time, adolescents do encounter stresses, especially male adolescents because they have so many goals they feel that they must meet and they want to fit in with the popular male groups so desperately. Nevertheless, despite the struggles that male adolescents go through, most of them are well adjusted individuals who are not depressed nor mixed up people, which is commonly thought. Rather than them lacking in self-control and confidence they seem to have a great deal of abilities in rationalizing their personal circumstances and they deal with them far better than many psychologists give credit. At the same time it must be recognized some adolescents exhibit signs of disturbance and can suffer severe life crisis. The male adolescent is not looked closely enough at and therefore their physical and cognitive development is not as questioned as heavily as it is with the female gender. Male adolescents have many obstacles to overcome in their young lives and though some cope and make it through just fine with perfectly normal developmental progress in these two areas, as was stated others do struggle just as any young person can regardless of their gender. Early Adolescence and Beyond Kolaric & Galambos (1995) state that between boys and girls in the early adolescence period there is not much of a difference in their body language, verbal communication, and common gestures between the two in a social atmosphere. Boys exhibit a carefree during this period, which is quite normal. They appear to adapt in specific situations during this time period seemingly easy, especially when they exhibit self confidence and obviously have high self esteem as well. Blos's research (1965) from a few decades back clearly illustrates how although a large percentage of time has past his points are still remarkably close to what young males in the early stage of adolescence do experience. Time seemingly does not change how human beings develop, or in this case how the male figure develops cognitively and physically as well. In 1965, Blos stated clearly that the individual characteristics and the immediate environment had the most pull in a young male developing correctly from a cognitive perspective and from the physical concept as well. Even today this type of analytic theorization is quite common place as many researchers have proven that a child is directly affected by their environment and who they associate with. In

Intenational Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Intenational - Essay Example Spain, France, and Holland launched various expeditions in order to establish colonies in the underdeveloped areas of the world, particularly in Asia, Africa, and South America. Despite the differences in methods, the objectives related to the launching of international and colonial trade in those times are not absolutely distinct to today’s globalisation. Globalisation in modern times is being pursued with the premise that former relationship of colonizers and colonies is no longer dominant. It is founded on the concept that the world is now made up mostly of independent countries that have sovereignty in managing their respective domestic economies and also have the capability of joining international trade. Free trade is the main objective of globalisation. It aims to make the entire world an open and free market, where people can easily avail of commodities coming from other countries. It allows businesses to expand beyond their countries of origin, thereby exporting not just goods but also capital. However, in doing so, it also seeks the removal of major barriers that each country may have established to deter the influx of too much imported goods as a result of unconstrained foreign trade. Consequently, this has an adverse effect on the sustainability of small local firms in any particular economy. The arrival of huge volumes of imports would lead into a competition strong enough to force their demise. This is the reason why debates on the nature of globalisation continue to be waged and international trade organisations and treaties are relentlessly being attacked by sectors that are most affected by its negative effects. This is also the basis why governments must not absolutely subject their economies to unconstrained foreign trade but instead legislate and enforce policies that would protect the small local firms. Apologists for unrestrained capitalism have always extolled the salient features of globalisation. Capitalism is an economic

Liberty Communication Satellite Phones Essay Example for Free

Liberty Communication Satellite Phones Essay Mexico is one of the leading markets for electronic goods such as mobiles creating a global business avenue. Like any other business, a number of risks face electronic goods. The objective of the paper is to conduct a risk analysis on Mexico for Liberty communications Satellite Phones Company a new business venture. Risk analysis in this case is an aspect of identifying risk factors that jeopardize the success of the new communication company in Mexico. The rules regulate marketing, supply and distribution of satellite mobile phones which affects operation of business. Communication through satellite mobile is regulated by rules made by politicians and thus the company is supposed to have adequate knowledge about communication rules. Another risk to be analyzed is exchange and repatriation of funds which relates to exchange rates. The company is supposed to consider the value of Mexican currency against other currencies to meet global standards (Fleisher Craiq, 2005). This risk occurs when currency trades badly against other currencies as it is a loss to the communication company. Competition is a general risk to any kind of business and thus Liberty communications should consider evaluating whether there is any other dominating company that deals with satellite mobile phones. Upon close evaluation of the communication sector, Liberty communications is bound to make sound decisions about that particular venture. Every business is bound to pay tax to government and this is a major area of concern by Liberty communications. The taxation rate differs from one business to another according to laws made by political entities (Culpan Refik, 2002). In certain instances, the rate of taxation is very high making business to pay heavily. The communication company should consider laws regarding taxation and double taxation. Marketing of satellite phones is a major risk that ought to be analyzed before venturing into communication market. The major aspects to be considered include the 4p’s such as product, price, place and promotion. Management at Liberty communication is supposed to consider putting satellite phones (product) at the right place (Mexico) at the right price and time (promotion). Once these elements are considered the company successfully ventures communication sector without obstacles. Distribution and supply chain is another major risk that should be analyzed as it can lead to poor trading. The company is bound to exploit certain royal customers with the intention to make maximum sales. Distribution of satellite phones is exposed to both physical and environmental risks which should be evaluated before venturing into the business. Social and cultural life of Mexican people is another major area that exposes the company to risks. The social life and cultural practices in Mexico have an influence in communication and Liberty communications is bound to consider such values. This is related to life style as it is influenced by technology and cyber. Management of Liberty Company should consider whether Mexican people have enough knowledge on technology as it is the main area of specialization. References Fleisher Craiq, 2005, Competitive Intelligence and global Business, Praeger. Culpan Refik, 2002, Global Business Alliances: Theory and Practice, Quorum Books.

Service Delivery Essay Example for Free

Service Delivery Essay The goals of this paper are to research; diagram service delivery processes, and then describe how the process would be effective in the given situation. A research and define service delivery processes in different disciplines or areas to capture the best processes. A service culture will be defined and a description will be given as to why it is important. A description will also be given as to why service employees are critical to the success of delivery in any service organization. Using the writer on personal examples, the writer will discuss the general importance of customers in the successful creation and delivery of service experiences. Last, an internet search will be done to locate three services that the writer is interesting in exploring. The service will be described and outline the advantages and disadvantages of purchasing these services via e-commerce as opposed to the traditional market. The implications that purchasing online has for the service culture and customer experience will be given. Service Culture Organizations have different culture and service culture is one thing that has a major impact on customers and their decision. Service culture consists of many components with each impacting customers and helping to establish the success or failure of customer service proposals (Lucas, 2008). Organizations sometimes over-promise and under-deliver due to their cultural and internal systems and do not have the ability to support customer service proposals (Lucas, 2008). For example, assume that the management of an organization has their marketing department develop a slick piece of literature describing all the benefits of a new product or service provided by a new corporate partner organization† (Lucas, 2008, p. 1). A special 800 number is then launched for responses but the company is unsuccessful when it comes to hiring extra staff or sufficiently trained current employees to handle the customer calls. The venture is prone to be unsuccessful. A service culture allows the business to accomplish key business goals, solve vital problems and increase capabilities to aim at future prospects. Customers also have an important role in the success of a business. A business cannot be successful unless there are customers. Several work fields requires customer input for service creation such as or haircuts, annual exam, and full service restaurant. The clients input customize a standard service. The provision of the service requires the customer purchase. Customer input (information material) is necessary for an adequate outcome, but the service firm provides the service. Jobs where customer presence is required during service delivery are airline travel, motel stay, and fast-food restaurant. Customers play a variety of roles in the service experience. Some of those roles are productive resource, contributor to quality, satisfaction and value; and as competitor to the service organization. Customer as a productive resource for example, in contributing information and effort in the diagnoses of their ailments, patients of a healthcare organization are part of the service production process. If they provide accurate information in a timely fashion, physicians will be more efficient and accurate in their diagnoses. Thus, the quality of the information patients provide can ultimately affect the quality of the outcome. Furthermore, in most cases, if patients follow their physician’s advice, they will be less likely to return for follow-up treatment, further increasing the healthcare organization’s productivity. (Bitner, Faranda, Hubbert, Zeithaml, 1997, p. 3) E-Business In today’s economic marketplace, E-business has transformed the way that businesses functions. Businesses have the ability to grow and expand beyond their local market because of the technological advances of the past few decades. So that small businesses can increase their sales and profits, the Internet now allows small businesses to reach national or global consumers with their products and services. However, some disadvantages come along with these advantages such as creating higher levels of economic challenges not formerly seen. (Vitez, 2013) E-business has one big advantage, which is the low startup costs needed to begin business operations. Once small companies have increased their working capital after starting their company via the Internet they expand into traditional brick and mortar stores. Companies may choose to simply expand their Internet footprint rather than creating a physical storefront, depending on their business success. Businesses need a computer, website hosting service, and Internet connection as the main operating equipment, which makes internet storefront relatively cheap. (Vitez, 2013) E-business has two major disadvantages and they are the increased levels of competition and the difficulty of creating positive goodwill through a website and computer. Sellers must find a competitive advantage over more competitors than usual, because individuals and traditional businesses may enter the e-business marketplace. Customers generally place high value on customer service in the brick and mortar business environment. E-businesses generally have a hard time trying to creating the same type of positive customer service, bear in mind that their customers may be miles away from the e-business’s operations. Since impersonal email is a common form of communication in e-business customers may have a problem understanding mistakes or errors. (Vitez, 2013) Car insurance has begun mandatory in today society and getting the best price is necessary. There is something missing even though anyone can find and obtain car insurance quotes online or even find a life quote. When doing the quote online the person will be missing the personal and professional experience of someone behind the desk that is hope to be acting in his or her best interest. To completely remove the critical thinking part of it rather than relying on a possible expert in the field (if not an expert someone that does it daily) they depend on a website to ask certain questions. More coverage for less money maybe there are riders or slight tweaks on the policy that may be provided. Legal Service Legal service is needed in any businesses. Legal services can be obtain either online or the traditional method. There are pros and cons to online services as well as the traditional method. There are as follows: * No driving. Simply jump online and you are there * No waiting. Your services are all available for you once you register. Just find and click. * Licensed Attorney provided legal advice. You dont just purchase the legal product, you get the service to go with it. Superior service. Maybe you do have to get your own coffee, but you have the option of getting it whenever and wherever you want * Save money. Less overhead, and more focused legal services means you save money over a traditional law firm. * Your data and information are protected by bank grade encryption when you enter the protected and secure area. * Secure and private communications. Not even the secretary has any idea why you need the services. (Inlawcenter, 2013, p. 1) Conclusion A business involves many different things in order to make it successful. The service delivery process is different in every company but necessary for a company progress. This paper has defined service culture and described why it is important. A description of why service employees are critical to the success of delivery in any service organization was given. Examples of how customers play a role in the successful creation and delivery of service experiences. Final a search was done and three services where describe and the advantages and disadvantages of purchasing them online versus traditional was given.

Avivas Services Marketing Mix Marketing Essay

Avivas Services Marketing Mix Marketing Essay This report will be looking at the services which Aviva provides and how the services the business offer differ from a typical manufacturing firm. Looking at the theoretical issues of intangibility, heterogeneity, inseparability and perishability which affect the various elements of the services marketing mix of Avivas products provided to their customers. Company Introduction Aviva is the sixth-largest insurance group in the world. It has a turnover of over  £47.1 billion. Aviva provides more than 44.5 million customers with insurance, savings and investment products. They are one of Europes leading providers of Car insurance, Motor insurance, Life insurance, Home insurance, Health insurance, Travel insurance, Personal accident insurance, Pet insurance and Business insurance. Avivas main activities are the provision of general and life insurance, long-term savings products and fund management services. The group has around 36,600 employees,  £379 billion of assets under management and 43 million customers. Avivas Principal subsidiaries are: Aviva Life Pensions, investments, Life Insurance and long term savings (formerly Norwich Union) Aviva Insurance General Insurance Aviva Investors Fund Management (formerly Morley Fund Management) Aviva is ranked as one of the UKs top 10 most valuable brands in 2012 and has been voted the UKs top life, general and health insurer by insurance intermediaries. Aviva aims for superior long-term investment performance and it is UKs one of the most financially strong investment company. Aviva provides an extensive range of value-for-money, good quality products investments, retirement, protection and healthcare designed and changing to meet your needs, both now and in the future. Aviva was created by a merger of two British insurance firms, Norwich Union and CGU plc. In October 2009 the company decided to focus on its commercial insurance sector and demonstrate its commitment to brokers by launching their find a broker facility, using the British Insurance Brokers Association search engine. To help them with this endeavour, Paul Whitehouse was recruited to play the part of a successful hairdresser running three salons. The message of the campaign focused on business insurance through insurance brokers. The closing line of the campaign was Were in business to keep you in business. The Marketing Mix Marketing is the ability of an organisation to provide the right product, at the right price, via the right outlets and presented in the correct way . In addition to product, price, place and promotion, services marketing calls for three additional Ps people, processes and physical evidence. The idea of classification affecting the marketing mix often expands our understanding of the marketing mix itself. For example excluding product classifications such as tangibility, reputation, heterogeneity, inseparability, perish-ability and ownership which are associated with service, we can look at the marketing mix as simply four Ps: The product, the price, the place, and the promotion. This initial idea of a marketing mix originated in the 1960s when developed by Neil Borden in his book: The Concept of the Marketing Mix (Borden, 1965) In this article Borden lists various elements of the marketing mix for manufacturers, twelve in total, stating the list can be long or short depending on how far one wishes to go in his classification and sub-classification of the marketing procedures. From this list has derived the four Ps of the marketing mix we know today. These four Ps make up the raw product without any service factor, the actual product, where it is sold, the promotion to the target consumer and the selling price. There is arguably no evidence to show any kind of customer service in the four Ps marketing mix, can be thought of as distinctly producer-orientated. (Kotler, Armstrong, Harker, Brennan, 2009) Product Distinctions Theoretical issues of Intangibility, Heterogeneity, Inseparability and Perishability are as follows Intangibility is a unique characteristic of service which cannot be seen physically, felt, tasted or touched as physical goods are. For example when we watch a movie in the theatre, we are entertained by watching it. Entertainment is the output of the service that is delivered. Issues caused by intangibility are Lack of service inventories: Services cannot be stored as the physical goods are. Lack of patent protection: As services are intangible, they cannot be patent protected as the physical goods are. Service offered by one firm can be also offered by other company in different way. Difficulty in communicating services: Goods can be physically displayed, but whereas services are not physically shown to customers. Its hard for the companies to convince the customer to buy make the products that are offered as services. E.g. Insurance Difficulty in pricing services: Services offered by companies differ and no two services can be same as customers needs are different. Services are customised and hence tend to have fixed pricing. Heterogeneity is a unique characteristic of service that reflects the difference in the service that is provided from one customer to other customer. For example when a customer goes to a restaurant and ordered food would be different kind from the other customer and no customers experience is the same. Similarly no ones custom made jewellery looks alike as its unique to the customers requirements. Issues caused by heterogeneity Service standardization and quality control are difficult to achieve Services provided by different providers within the same location tend to be same. Mood and skills of a single provider differ from day-to-day Inseparability is a unique characteristic of service which displays the association between the people or company which provides service and the person who is engaged in receiving the service and also other customers who are indirectly or directly getting the knowledge. For example when a customer wants to take an internet connection, the sales team of the internet company need not interact face to face with the customer to give the information about the product. But whereas in a production process like Saloon, the customer has to be physically present to get his hair cut. Issues caused by inseparability Physical connection of the service provider to the service: In order to provide the service to the customer, the service provider has to be physically present and Face-to-face interaction with customers makes employees satisfaction critical when they are not able to provide proper guidance to customers. Involvement of the customer in the production processes: Customers involvement may vary according to the requirement that the customer be physically present to receive the service, i.e. for a dental service, customer has to be physically present in order to solve his or her problem related to teeth. Involvement of other customers in the production process: Customers presence is required in some service and some customers often share a common service experience and that shared experience can be negative or positive depending upon the experience the customer gets out of the service he has received. Perishability is a unique characteristic of service in which the service cannot be saved. Unused services cannot be reserved or neither can be inventoried. For example seats in a theatre can be inventoried for a period of time before the purchase of the ticket and cannot be inventoried after the show is finished. Another example of perishability is fresh meat, it can be stored for certain time period but once it sold it is completely perished. Issues caused by Perishability Matching supply and demand is a major challenge for the service provider, if there is a higher demand of service, than service providers tend to make the supply of the service maximum. When there is a higher demand, than the service provider gives optimal supply level. Avivas services marketing mix Product There is no point in developing a product or service that no one wants to buy. Companies try to find out what the customers need and then develop the right product that attracts customers. A produce is we produce. If we produce goods it means tangible product and when we produce or generate services, it means intangible service product. A product is what a seller sells and what buyer buys. Thus, Aviva provides insurance services and therefore insurance services are their products. Aviva is the leading company offering insurance services to the users. Apart from offering life insurance policies, they also offer underwriting and consulting services. When a person or an organisation buys an Insurance policy from Aviva, he buys a policy along with it the assistance and the prestige of the insurance company and the facilities of claims and compensation. It is natural that the customers expect a reasonable return for their investment and Aviva as insurance company wants to maximize their profitability. Aviva would have intangibility issue as the company can introduce new insurance scheme which would give the customer the advantage of having to take single insurance policy for the whole family. The company can protect the product brand but it cannot restrict other insurance companies to come up with similar scheme with a different name, hence there is lack of patent protection. The company provides different schemes according to the customers needs and the pricing of the insurance is not the same for every customer. Pricing A product is only worth what customers are prepared to pay for it and the price needs to be competitive. In insurance business the pricing decisions are concerned with the premium charged against the policies that a customer would take and also interest is charged for defaulting the payment of premium. The factors that Aviva uses for determining the premium rates under a life insurance plan are mortality, expense and interest. The premium rates are revised if there are any significant changes like Mortality: When deciding upon the pricing strategy the average rate of mortality is one of the main considerations that it takes in to care. Expenses: The cost of processing, commission to agents, reinsurance companies as well as registration are all incorporated into the cost of instalments, premium sum and forms the integral part of the pricing strategy. Interest: Rate of interest is one of the major factors which determine if the customers willingness to invest in insurance. Customers will not be willing to put their funds to invest in insurance if the interest rates provided by financial institutions are much greater than the perceived returns from the insurance premiums. Aviva would have intangibility issue in pricing, Aviva provides different kinds of insurances. Customers tend to choose which product they would want to opt and as insurance is not same for all the customers the price varies depending on the premium and the term that a customer is will to go for. Hence pricing the service plays a major role in Aviva. Place The place where customers buy a product must be appropriate and convenient for the customer and the product must be available in the right place at the right time. Place plays an important role at Aviva. It has branches all over the UK and also has insurance agents in order to offer the services. This helps the company to process the services to the end-user so that the gap between services that are promised and services that are offered is bridged over. Aviva also offers customers to apply for policies online. This helps the customers to get their insurance without going to the branch or to contact agent and saves customers time. Aviva would have inseparability issues, if a customer wants to take insurance he has to get in touch with the staff and get the information needed to choose the right kind of product he wants. Aviva should have more dedicated advisers to educate the customers for taking insurance and explaining the benefits of having insurance from their company . Promotion Promotion is the way a company communicates what it does and what it offers to the customers. Good promotion is necessary for a company to have better income and it also shows what advantages the customers get when they choose their services. Aviva promotes its services by advertising in television ads, radio and billboards. This helps Aviva to boost its sales. It also provides loyalty discounts to existing customers which helps the company to attract new customers by word of mouth. The company also uses direct mail and online campaigns to target new customers. Aviva also offers special promotional deals which help the company to get new customers who wish to switch from an existing insurance company. When it comes to promotion, Aviva would have heterogeneity and intangibility issues as no customer would have the same kind of policy. Insurance policy depends on various factors like age , health etc. so the company has to customise the policy according to the customer needs so that they could attract more customers. The company gives promotional offers to customers which are intangibility in nature and this makes it hard for the company to actually convince the customer to take their service as they are not physical products which a customer can feel. People Anyone who comes in contact with customers will make an impression and it might have positive or negative. It is out most important for a company to ensure that all employees who have contact with customers are properly trained and also should have right kind of people for the job. Understanding the customer better allows designing appropriate products. Aviva being a service industry and involves a high level of people interaction, Aviva makes sure that all its staff is given regular training so that they can maintain strong relationships with the customers. They have 24 hour helpline with multi-lingual staff to answer customer queries regarding them policies or any other service related issues. When it comes to people, Aviva would have perishability issue. If a customer is not happy with the service that the company is providing then he tend to look for better services that other company offers. Employees should make sure that they understand what the customer issues are and try to help them out so that they dont loose the customer. Process The process of giving a service to a customer is crucial in terms of customer satisfaction such as waiting times, the information given to customers and the way the staff helps the customers are important for a company to keep the customers happy. Customers are not interested in the detail of how the business runs. Avivas process is customer friendly. They advise customers about the products that they offer and tell the customers which product is best suited. Aviva has the reputation of speed and accuracy of payment. Their processing method is easy and convenient to the customers. The instalment schemes they provide cater to the ever growing demands of the customers. They provide different schemes to cater the demand of customers who wish to go for the service. The IT Data Warehousing system of Aviva helps the company to have a unified way to provide service large no. of customers efficiently and maintain their overheads. This helps to improve customer service levels. When it comes to process, Aviva could have issues related to inseparability, intangibility and perishability because they have to have advertise regularly about their products that they offer, new schemes that the company is giving to its existing customers as well as new customers. Service and quality control could also have adverse effect on the sales of their products. If they dont offer customers the help that they need on time, customers might feel unhappy about the service that they get which leads to switchover to a different company. Physical evidence Service cannot be experienced before it is delivered. Physical evidence given by an organisation must confirm the assumptions of the customer. As the customer cannot experience the service before buying it, but they can talk about the service with other people about the experience they have got by choosing their product. Distribution is a key determinant of success for all insurance companies. Today, the insurers have a large reach and presence throughout UK. Building a distribution network is very expensive and time consuming. Aviva provides all the information on their website so that customers can have all the information about the products and the services the company provides. Aviva has also been using remote distribution channels such as telephone and email in order to reach more customers so that they can avoid intermediaries, bring down overheads and increase profitability. Aviva offers an entire range of products including motor, home and life insurance and pensions. Conclusion The seven ps of Marketing Mix The marketing mix is the combination of marketing activities that an organisation engages in so as to best meet the needs of its targeted market. Taking product classification in to account when dealing with marketing of services, it expands the understanding of the original 4ps. The Insurance business deals in selling services and therefore due weightage in the formation of marketing mix for the Insurance business is needed. The marketing mix includes sub-mixes of the 7 Ps of marketing i.e. the product, its price, place, promotion, people, process physical attraction. The above mentioned 7 Ps can be used for marketing of Insurance products. The services that Aviva offers as mentioned above is affected by issues of classification of being Intangibility, Heterogeneity, Inseparability and Perishability which based on the researched information is performed well by the business. Aviva offers services which are competitive with other insurance companies on price and service support which has helped the company to be ranked as one of the UKs top 10 most valuable brands in 2012 and sixth-largest insurance group in the world. It has become one global brand with 43 million customers and has over 300 years of heritage.

Jane Eyre :: essays research papers

From the beginning, Jane possesses a sense of her self-confidence and contentment. Her integrity is continually tested over the course of the novel, and Jane must learn to balance the frequently conflicting aspects of her so as to find contentment. An orphan since early childhood, Jane feels exiled and out of favor at the beginning of the novel, and the cruel treatment she receives from her Aunt Reed and her cousins only worsens her feeling of alienation. Afraid that she will never find a true sense of home or community, Jane feels the need to belong somewhere, to find "kin," or at least "kindred spirits." This desire irritates her equally strong need for independence and free will. In her search for freedom, Jane also struggles with the question of what type of freedom will make her happy. While Rochester initially offers Jane a chance to liberate her passions, Jane comes to realize that such freedom could also mean enslavement—by living as Rochester's mistress, she would be sacrificing her dignity and integrity for the sake of her feelings. St. John Rivers offers Jane another kind of freedom: the freedom to act completely on her ethics. He opens to Jane the possibility of exercising her talents to their fullest by working and living with him in India. Jane eventually realizes, though, that this freedom would also establish a form of imprisonment, because she would be forced to keep her true feelings and her true passions always in check. When she reunites with Rochester, though based on a monetary level, she non-the-less finds herself to be equal to him. It is possible to question Jane Eyre's equality to Rochester on the grounds that Jane only becomes Rochester's full equal when he is physically in poor health and dependent on her to guide him and read to him—in other words, when he is physically incapable of mastering her. However, the thought of Jane finding herself Rochester's equal not because of the physical decline Rochester has suffered but because of the independence that Jane has attained, by coming to know herself more fully, is also possible. Jane Eyre :: essays research papers From the beginning, Jane possesses a sense of her self-confidence and contentment. Her integrity is continually tested over the course of the novel, and Jane must learn to balance the frequently conflicting aspects of her so as to find contentment. An orphan since early childhood, Jane feels exiled and out of favor at the beginning of the novel, and the cruel treatment she receives from her Aunt Reed and her cousins only worsens her feeling of alienation. Afraid that she will never find a true sense of home or community, Jane feels the need to belong somewhere, to find "kin," or at least "kindred spirits." This desire irritates her equally strong need for independence and free will. In her search for freedom, Jane also struggles with the question of what type of freedom will make her happy. While Rochester initially offers Jane a chance to liberate her passions, Jane comes to realize that such freedom could also mean enslavement—by living as Rochester's mistress, she would be sacrificing her dignity and integrity for the sake of her feelings. St. John Rivers offers Jane another kind of freedom: the freedom to act completely on her ethics. He opens to Jane the possibility of exercising her talents to their fullest by working and living with him in India. Jane eventually realizes, though, that this freedom would also establish a form of imprisonment, because she would be forced to keep her true feelings and her true passions always in check. When she reunites with Rochester, though based on a monetary level, she non-the-less finds herself to be equal to him. It is possible to question Jane Eyre's equality to Rochester on the grounds that Jane only becomes Rochester's full equal when he is physically in poor health and dependent on her to guide him and read to him—in other words, when he is physically incapable of mastering her. However, the thought of Jane finding herself Rochester's equal not because of the physical decline Rochester has suffered but because of the independence that Jane has attained, by coming to know herself more fully, is also possible.

stage :: essays research papers

Introduction J’ai rà ©alisà © mon stage commercial chez Pernod Ricard Venezuela. J’ai choisi cette entreprise afin de dà ©couvrir avec le fonctionnement d’un service commercial, et d’avoir une premià ¨re expà ©rience professionnelle dans mon pays d’origine. Au sein de PRV on m’a confià © une mission d’investigation afin d’optimiser les nà ©gociations du dà ©partement commercial. J’ai dà » analyser l’impact de publications et des exhibitions nà ©gocià ©es par l’à ©quipe de vente. De plus j’ai dà » rà ©aliser une proposition merchandising pour une chaà ®ne de supermarchà © qui est en train de restructurer sa dà ©marche auprà ¨s des clients. Ainsi dans ce rapport, je vous prà ©senterai en premià ¨re partie l’entreprise, son historique, ses employà ©s, le service commercial et son marchà ©. En deuxià ¨me partie je dà ©finirai en dà ©tail les actività ©s menà ©es pour rà ©aliser la mission qui me fut confià ©e et pour atteindre mes objectifs personnels. I L’entreprise et son marchà © I.1 Prà ©sentation de l’entreprise Raison Sociale: PERNOD RICARD VENEZUELA Forme Juridique : Compagnie Anonyme Capital Social : 17 000 000 â‚ ¬ Nom du Directeur : M. Elvis IPPOLITTI Adresse : Avenida Rio de Janeiro Edif. Centro Rio de Janeiro, PH Las Mercedes, Municipio Baruta Caracas 1060 - VENEZUELA Tà ©là ©phone : (58-212) 200 72 00 Fax : (58-212) 200 72 99 Date de crà ©ation : 2002 Secteur d’actività © : vente et distribution de vins et spiritueux Chiffre d’affaires : 45 075 000 â‚ ¬. Effectif : 110 personnes I.2.A Historique Fortement implantà ©e sur tous les continents, Pernod Ricard est l'un des trois premiers opà ©rateurs de spiritueux et vins dans le monde. Depuis sa crà ©ation en 1975, une forte croissance interne et des acquisitions ambitieuses ont permis au Groupe de dà ©velopper l'un des portefeuilles de produits les mieux dotà ©s du secteur. Le Groupe dispose de rà ©seaux de distribution puissants sur tous les continents et aujourd'hui, plus des quatre cinquià ¨mes du chiffre d'affaires sont rà ©alisà ©s hors France : 40 % en Europe, 22 % dans les Amà ©riques et 22 % dans le reste du monde. Dans la catà ©gorie des spiritueux internationaux, Pernod Ricard est numà ©ro 1 en Europe Continentale et en Irlande, numà ©ro 1 en Amà ©rique Centrale et du Sud et numà ©ro 2 en Asie-Pacifique. Il se situe au sixià ¨me rang en Amà ©rique du Nord. Le Groupe est par ailleurs numà ©ro deux du secteur "Travel Retail" Quelques Dates Importantes 1975 France : Crà ©ation de Pernod Ricard par la fusion des deux socià ©tà ©s d ´anisà ©s Pernod et Ricard. Le group inclus aussi JFA PamprylÉcosse : Acquisition de Campbell Distillers (Scotch whiskies) 1982 Monde : Acquisition de SIAS MPA, producteur numà ©ro un au niveau de concentrà ©s de fruits. Pour la premià ¨re fois, les actività ©s du groupe sont gà ©rà ©es depuis la France.

The Values Americans Live By by Robert Kohls Essay -- essays research

The Values Americans Live By by Robert Kohls In the article The Values Americans Live By by Robert Kohls, he states in the very first paragraph, â€Å"Most Americans would have a difficult time telling you, specifically, what the values are which Americans live by.† This statement is dead on when comparing America to almost any other country. In America there are so many different cultures because families from other countries are coming here in search of a better life. There is a very large diversity of cultures among Americans today. This makes it virtually impossible to have a definitive culture known as American culture. Most families come here to live but essentially still follow many of their cultures from their homeland although even these cultures can become somewhat Americanized. However Kohls does claim there are thirteen values in which most Americans live by.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first value that caught my interest was the value of change and how change is only seen as good in America. In America we are always craving a change for a better life. Nobody wants to work at McDonald’s their whole life just for the stability of a job. We want jobs that make more money so we can buy better cars and better houses. Americans always are seeking something new they always want to see if the grass is greener on the other side of the hill. This is why tradition and heritage are not a value of many Americans because most people can not stick to the same game plan day i...

Fences vs. Oedipus Essay

The Importance of Fatherhood Fatherhood is important and is often taken for granted and not treated with the respect it deserves. In the plays Fences and Oedipus the King, Troy and Oedipus are affected by the lack of fatherhood. In Troy’s case, he fails to be a supportive father to his son, Cory, ultimately distancing himself from his family. As for Oedipus, he is cursed by the gods before his birth, due to his father, Laius, raping and kidnapping a young boy (Weineck). Although the situations of each play are different the need for fathers is very similar. This topic may not seem of much importance but fatherhood can truly affect a child or the actual father. Both of these plays seem to be affected by the past which leads to the fathers putting their problems on the shoulders of their child. Fathers play an important role in a child’s life. Not only are they seen as their rock, but also as their protection. This is especially important in a boy’s childhood. This is shown by the relationship of Troy and Cory. Although, Troy is always around in Cory’s youth, he never gives any support for what Cory does. This is proved when Cory has a chance to talk to a college recruiter about football, but Troy claims he has no future in sports and just needs to give it up and go get a job and start making money (Roberts 1046). This incident, along with other questionable actions, lead to the resentment of Troy, not only by Cory, but by the entire family. The other questionable action by Troy was him cheating on his wife with another woman. This event is what totally crushed his relationship with his family, whom now refused to give him any respect. With no respect for Troy, Cory one day makes a comment towards his father, which does not sit well with Troy. This comment soon turns into an argument which, leads to Cory picking up a bat and threatening Troy. Troy then takes the bat from Cory’s hands and knocks him down (Weales). At this point Troy can show his dominance towards Cory but instead tells him to leave (Roberts 1071). This not only shatters the relationship between Troy and Cory but it shows the carelessness of Troy towards his son. Throughout the rest of the play, when Cory is present, the resentment of Troy is shown. Cory even contemplates not attending Troy’s funeral because he was tired of living in the shadow of his father (Roberts 1074). The relationship of a father to his son is essential to not only the son’s maturation process, but also to the father and his livelihood. Troy and Cory make good examples for this, because after Cory left Troy was never the same and in the same light it can be said the Cory learned from his father. He learned how to not be like his father. Before Oedipus the King, we know that King Laius of Thebes commits a crime in which he is punished for raping and kidnapping a child from a different kingdom. For this crime Laius is cursed by the god, Apollo. The curse stated that Laius’s â€Å"first born son would murder his father then marry his mother†. Instead of Laius abstaining from marriage or sex to prevent this curse from occurring, he marries and has a son, Oedipus (Weineck). This stupidity of Laius begins the failure of his fatherhood. Laius has not only compromised his life but he has created a terrible situation for Oedipus when he is grown. This father and son relationship is not direct but the actions and carelessness of Laius ultimately affect Oedipus, which makes his life literally a living hell. Like in Fences Laius is careless about his son, like Troy. Although Oedipus is his father’s murderer, it is unknown if Oedipus intentionally killed Laius. It is actually said that he was defending himself, so it is hard to put any fault on the lack relationship with Laius (Roberts 786). This lack of relationship also can be said to have led to the downfall of Oedipus. This is because when Oedipus find that he has murdered his father and married his mother he exiles himself. It can be said that if Laius had not impregnated Jocasta, or had he killed Oedipus as an infant, this terrible fate would never had happened. Laius could have also raised Oedipus and created a positive relationship between the two which could have prevented this situation. This relationship between Laius and Oedipus was flawed from before the birth of Oedipus resulting in the horrific fate that Oedipus experienced. This flawed relationship can be argued to have had no chance but it can be seen that at the end of the play Oedipus is affected by the knowing of murdering his father. The difference in Oedipus’s relationship with his father compared to normal father/son relationships was that he never really knew he had a relationship with his father, but all along it was his faulty relationship with Laius that cursed Oedipus in the first place. Although these two plays are very different in time periods, the basic buildup of each play is very similar. Father’s and son’s is a way these two plays connected very well. Laius and Troy perform a very careless fatherhood whereas Oedipus and Cory are helpless and cannot defy what their fathers do or have done. Cory, out of respect for his father, cannot do the thing he wanted to do such as, football, and this resulted in the broken relationship between Cory and Troy. This is comparable to Oedipus, in a way, because he was unable to defy the curse of the gods on his father which also leads to a broken relationship with Laius. These plays at first glance have nothing in common but when broken down they truly have a similarity in the importance of a father.

Macromedia Dreamweaver Essay

The club will definitely need a web site which they can use to do a great number of things. Some of them are to attract customers and members, post up new events, provide customer support, make new members, submit it to search engines so more people can find out about it and so on. Cost is also a big factor to consider. Having a website is much cheaper than putting up an advert in a local or national publication. Some other advantages of having a website are reduced costs for printing and distributing services and sales information. Increase in customer base as new people learn about the club and its services. The hardware and software needed to make this site includes a web space on the net, a few good WYSIWYG editors for designing the pages like Microsoft FrontPage, Namo Web Editor or maybe Macromedia Dreamweaver and Fireworks depending on the club’s needs. Also you obviously need a computer with an internet connection to make, upload and view the site. The website will have different pages to the site like home, members, contact us, about, events, register and site map. Database: A database would be very useful for the club because currently they have a long list of members and their information and details all on paper. So a computerized way of storing, inputting, viewing and editing data would be extremely useful because it would increase the speed and efficiency at which the staff would view and input data. The database will store information including but not limited to: name, address, email, phone number and date of birth. The hardware which we will need is a computer for making the database and the program. The software which we will need to create the actual database file would be Microsoft Access or SQL Server, and the software which we will need to create the program which can access the database and provide methods for viewing and inputting data could be Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C# or any other programming language. We could just create the database and the interface both in Access but a good programming language offers a lot more flexibility and functions. Forms: This can prove to be very useful for the club because currently the club has all of its forms on paper. So with computerized forms, when members want to book a plane for skydiving, or want to enroll for summer bungee jumping classes then the staff can just input the data needed in a Microsoft Word template and print it for the member. The hardware which we may need is a computer for printing and inputting data in forms, printer for printing out forms and receipts. The software which we will need is Microsoft Word with a customized template for each form so the staff can just open Word and load the template so all the fields required would already be there, they would just need to fill them in. Printer: The club will definitely need a good color printer to print out all sorts of things like forms, receipts, posters, banners, leaflets and pictures. The club right now doesn’t have a computer or a printer so they cannot make any banners or posters to advertise their club or any new events or services. Also because they don’t have a printer they cannot print out forms and receipts so they have to right down the information for a receipt and then give it to the member or the customer which is very time consuming and inefficient. The hardware which we will need is obviously a computer to connect the printer with and to send data to the printer so that it can print the desired information. E-commerce: An e-commerce system would also be useful for the club if they want to sell their own extreme sports gear like snowboards, goggles, etc. Or things like Proudlie’s Xtreme t-shirts and caps to promote their club and make it more popular. An online shopping system would enable them a place where members or customers could go, get and purchase sporting gear online. A link to the catalogue would be added to the main website. The online shop would also enable PXtreme to make a lot of extra money which they could use to improve their services. Programs we might need for this could be editors like Microsoft FrontPage or Namo Web Editor. The hardware needed would be a computer with an internet connection to make, upload and view the site. Camera: A camera should be necessary for this club because if the club has a camera then it could do many things like take pictures from events and post them on the site for other members to view. The club could take pictures of the summer programs in action. It could take pictures of the club itself so that people know what it looks like and they might come and enroll for membership or it could take pictures of the staff so that they can post it up on the site in staffing section. With a camera they would be able to upload the pictures onto a computer and then it will be a lot easier for them to make posters and banners because they would be able to insert the club’s pictures in them. The hardware needed would be a computer to upload the pictures on and then print them if needed, and the software required to upload photos will come with the camera. Staffing: The staff in PXtreme is made up of 5 people: the founder, the president, the vice president, secretary and the treasurer. This is the board of directors. These people will be running the club for the next 4 years and they have just been elected by the members of the club apart from the founder who will be looking after the club until he retires. The staff gets a very small salary and this isn’t their full-time job, they have another job besides running the club. These people are running PXtreme just because they love sports. Each person is looked at in detail below. Founder: The founder of this club is Ozzy Kumar who has been with the club ever since it was made. Ozzy grew up in Yorkshire but moved to Hong Kong for financial reasons. He studied in Leeds University and finished his masters in computer science and graduated with first class honors. He doesn’t do much except for making sure that his club is running fine without any problems and is making lots of profit. He is obsessed with extreme sports like snowboarding which is why he opened up this club. He isn’t directly involved with anything going on in the club but he was the one who hired the four people below. President: The president of Proudlie’s Xtreme is Jenice Whitehouse. She grew up in London, driven by her love of history she went on to Bristol University to complete her BA. Jenice is the head of staff and she is the one who comes up with new events, services, makes sure that the staff is doing its job properly and makes sure that the club is running smoothly without any problems. She makes the big decisions for the club like when to buy new equipment and basically supervises everything which is going on. She knows every little nook and cranny of the club because she is always cruising around the club ensuring everything’s working well. The IT needs which would be useful to her would be the website which she would use when she wants to update any events or news. Vice President: The vice president of PXtreme is Robin Hampshire who helps Jenice Whitehouse with everything. He grew up in Scotland and studied in De Montfort University Bedford when he gained a BSC in sport science and a PGCE in Physical Education. He helps to make decisions and also it’s his job to decide what sports the club should provide and when and where the classes and training programs should be. He is never to far from the action and is always involved with all the activities going on. The IT needs which would help him would also be a website and he would use it when he needs to upload information about events and programs. Secretary: The secretary of PXtreme is Ivy Alba who really loves extreme sports and her role in the club is to handle all the paperwork. She is Korean but has lived in Hong Kong. She studied in Newcastle for a BA in Sports Studies followed by time at the University of Exeter, St Luke’s College where she gained her PGCE. She also has to keep track of all the members’ information and details. She is the one who signs up new members and she also handles any phone calls to the club. Ivy is very good at art so she has been assigned to make small posters and leaflets informing members of new events. The IT needs which she would find useful are the database, forms and the printer. She would use the database when she wants to add new members to it or edit member info, and she would use the forms to print and give to the members. Treasurer: The treasurer of PXtreme is Jack Frost who grew up in Japan and is a graduate of Leeds University. Jack only loves two things in life: business studies and extreme sports. He is in charge of all the finance, the funds, revenues and taxes. He decides the membership fees and the fees for specific training programs or summer classes. He sees how much money comes in per month and handles the money accordingly. He decides what equipment needs to be bought. The IT needs which he would find useful would be the e-commerce system. He will figure out the pricing and cost of each product and handle the purchasing process.

Cash Budget Essay

There are several reasons why Cash Budget is so vital to the company. The purpose of statement of cash flow is to report cash receipts and cash payouts during a period. This includes separately identifying the cash flows related to operating, investing and financing activities. Information in this statement helps users how to obtain its cash, where does a company spend its cash and explains the change in the cash balance. Information about cash flow helps users decide whether a company has enough cash to pay its existing debts as they mature. External users want to assess a company’s ability to take advantage of new business opportunities. Internal users use cash flow to plan day-to-day operating activities and make long-term investment decisions. 4. There are five basic principles of cash management that a company can flow in order to improve its chances of having adequate cash. They are: 1. Increase of receivable of collections. The more customers pay the more quickly company can use their funds to run the business or invest. 2. Keep inventory levels low. Inventory is costly to keep and storage in warehouses. Company needs to use techniques to reduce the inventory on hand thus conserving their cash. 3. Monitor payment of liabilities. Company needs to keep track of bills due and do not pay them early as well. The company needs also to take a discount on earlier pay bill and save some money. 4. Plan the timing of major expenditures. To make business grow company needs to make major expenditures. This procedure often requires help form outside investing. The company has to carefully consider the timing in operating cycle. 5. Invest idle cash. Cash on hands earns nothing. It’s important that company invests any excess cash.

Term Paper on Imc Analysis of Robi

Term Paper[pic] on IMC Analysis of Robi April 26, 2010 Principal of IMC Analysis on Advertisement Principal of Marketing(MKT-101) Prepare For: Kashfia Ahamed Lecturer Department of Business Administration Prepared By: Faqurel Hasan 2009-1-10-299 Arifur Rahman Khan. 2009-1-10-145 Sifat Ahsan 2009-1-10-062 Md. Shariful Islam 2009-1-10-154 Fayaz 2009-1-10-150 Letter of transmitter April 29,2010 Ms. Kashfia Ahamed Lecturer Department of Business Administration East West University 43,Mohakhali C/A,Dhaka-1212. Subject: Submission of report on IMC on Robi.Dear Madam, It is of great honor and delight to us to present you our term paper, prepared as a part of MKT 101 . When I do this job I feel me as a marketer it is a new experience to me and this paper will help me and also Robi. We are grateful to you for giving us the basic knowledge to prepare this kind of hard work. We wish we will get always support from you and you will also get development from us. On the behalf of the group Arifur Rahman Khan†¦.. 2009-1-10-145 Acknowledgement: Firstly we would like to give thank to almighty allah.We believe that behind every success there is some inspiration and cop-operation of some special person who never appear in the picture but always provide support to make this term paper. secondly I would like to thank Ms kashfia Ahmed for giving us endless support . We work this promotional project in 5 ways ? Magazine ? Billboard ? Newspaper ? Radio ? Television Executive summery : Robi was Aktel and this company was started there journey on 1997. This is a 40:60 joint venture company . Bangladeshi TM and Singaporean telecom was the owner of this company.This company serve telecom services around Bangladesh . There technology is from Germany and there Cards are from China. This company holds the 235 of its telecom market of Bangladesh. Communication process for TV Advertisement: [pic] 1. Sender: Here Robi is giving the massage that they are changed as Aktel to Robi. 2. Encodin g: Robi is advertising them as a newer in market with latest tec 3. Message:This add provide the message that as sun is powerful we are also powerful with our technology. 4. Media: In this case robi is selecting this as a right media to reach them. 5.Decoding:Target consumer of this service will see this tv add and understand about this message. 6. Recever: All urban class people are our targeted customer who will understand this message. 7. Response:Targeted customer will understand that what we want to say to them. 8. Feedback:Finally when they show there responses to us and purchase this product then we will get our result. 9. Noise:Consumer may distract while watching this tv add. Communication process for Newspaper Advertisement: [pic] 1. Sender: Here Robi is giving the massage that they are changed as Aktel to Robi. . Encoding: Robi is advertising them as a newer in market with latest tec 3. Message:This add provide the message that as sun is powerful we are also powerful with our technology. 4. Media: In this case robi is selecting this as a right media to reach them. 5. Decoding:Target consumer of this service will see this Newspaper add and understand about this message. 6. Recever: All urban class people are our targeted customer who will understand this message. 7. Response:Targeted customer will understand that what we want to say to them. 8.Feedback:Finally when they show there responses to us and purchase this product then we will get our result. 9. Noise:Consumer may distract while watching this Newspaper add. Communication process for Magazine Advertisement: [pic] 1. Sender: Here Robi is giving the massage that they are changed as Aktel to Robi. 2. Encoding: Robi is advertising them as a newer in market . 3. Message:This add provide the message that as sun is powerful we are also powerful with our technology. 4. Media: In this case robi is selecting this as a right media to reach them. 5.Decoding:Target consumer of this service will see this Ma gazine add and understand about this message. 6. Recever: All urban class people are our targeted customer who will understand this message. 7. Response:Targeted customer will understand that what we want to say to them. 8. Feedback:Finally when they show there responses to us and purchase this product then we will get our result. 9. Noise:Consumer may distract while watching this Magazine add. Communication process for Billboard Advertisement: [pic] 1. Sender: Here Robi is giving the massage that they are changed as Aktel to Robi. . Encoding: Robi is advertising them as a newer in market . 3. Message:This add provide the message that as sun is powerful we are also powerful with our technology. 4. Media: In this case robi is selecting this as a right media to reach them. 5. Decoding:Target consumer of this service will see this Billboard add and understand about this message. 6. Recever: All urban class people are our targeted customer who will understand this message. 7. Response:T argeted customer will understand that what we want to say to them. 8.Feedback:Finally when they show there responses to us and purchase this product then we will get our result. 9. Noise:Consumer may distract while watching this Billboard add. Communication process for Radio Advertisement: [pic] 1. Sender: Here Robi is giving the massage that they are changed as Aktel to Robi. 2. Encoding: Robi is advertising them as a newer in market . 3. Message:This add provide the message that as sun is powerful we are also powerful with our technology. 4. Media: In this case robi is selecting this as a right media to reach them. . Decoding:Target consumer of this service will see this Radio add and understand about this message. 6. Recever: All urban class people are our targeted customer who will understand this message. 7. Response:Targeted customer will understand that what we want to say to them. 8. Feedback:Finally when they show there responses to us and purchase this product then we will get our result. 9. Noise:Consumer may distract while watching this Radio add. References: 1. MKT101 (Kotler). 2. Robi web sight. 3. Newspaper . 4. Magezine.